diff --git a/suixinkan/App/Navigation/NavigationRouter.swift b/suixinkan/App/Navigation/NavigationRouter.swift
index ce7d7fc..ca211a8 100644
--- a/suixinkan/App/Navigation/NavigationRouter.swift
+++ b/suixinkan/App/Navigation/NavigationRouter.swift
@@ -81,16 +81,22 @@ final class AppRouter: ObservableObject {
     @Published var selectedTab: AppTab = .home
     @Published var selectedOrdersEntry: OrdersEntry = .storeOrders
     @Published private(set) var pendingOrderScanCode: String?
-    @Published private var routers: [AppTab: RouterPath] = [:]
+    private let routers: [AppTab: RouterPath]
 
-    /// 获取指定 Tab 对应的路由路径容器，不存在时自动创建。
+    init() {
+        routers = Dictionary(
+            uniqueKeysWithValues: AppTab.allCases.map { tab in
+                (tab, RouterPath())
+            }
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// 获取指定 Tab 对应的路由路径容器。
     func router(for tab: AppTab) -> RouterPath {
-        if let router = routers[tab] {
-            return router
+        guard let router = routers[tab] else {
+            assertionFailure("Missing router path for tab: \(tab)")
+            return RouterPath()
         }
-
-        let router = RouterPath()
-        routers[tab] = router
         return router
     }
 
diff --git a/suixinkan/Core/Design/AppContentUnavailableView.swift b/suixinkan/Core/Design/AppContentUnavailableView.swift
index b1ccaa6..d4be0ed 100644
--- a/suixinkan/Core/Design/AppContentUnavailableView.swift
+++ b/suixinkan/Core/Design/AppContentUnavailableView.swift
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 import SwiftUI
 
-/// iOS 16 兼容的空状态视图；iOS 17+ 自动使用系统 AppContentUnavailableView。
+/// iOS 16 兼容的空状态视图；iOS 17+ 自动使用系统 ContentUnavailableView。
 struct AppContentUnavailableView<LabelContent: View, DescriptionContent: View, ActionsContent: View>: View {
     private let label: LabelContent
     private let description: DescriptionContent
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ struct AppContentUnavailableView<LabelContent: View, DescriptionContent: View, A
 
     var body: some View {
         if #available(iOS 17.0, *) {
-            AppContentUnavailableView {
+            ContentUnavailableView {
                 label
             } description: {
                 description
diff --git a/suixinkan/Features/Main/Views/CustomMainTabBar.swift b/suixinkan/Features/Main/Views/CustomMainTabBar.swift
index 0234a85..e8989ed 100644
--- a/suixinkan/Features/Main/Views/CustomMainTabBar.swift
+++ b/suixinkan/Features/Main/Views/CustomMainTabBar.swift
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ private struct CustomMainTabBarItem: View {
         }
         .buttonStyle(.plain)
         .accessibilityLabel(item.title)
+        .accessibilityIdentifier("main.tab.\(item.tab.rawValue)")
     }
 }
 
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ private struct CustomMainTabBarCenterAction: View {
         }
         .buttonStyle(.plain)
         .accessibilityLabel("扫码核销")
+        .accessibilityIdentifier("main.scan")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/suixinkan/Features/Orders/Views/OrderCodeScannerView.swift b/suixinkan/Features/Orders/Views/OrderCodeScannerView.swift
index 36391ef..3948641 100644
--- a/suixinkan/Features/Orders/Views/OrderCodeScannerView.swift
+++ b/suixinkan/Features/Orders/Views/OrderCodeScannerView.swift
@@ -34,6 +34,23 @@ struct OrderScannerPage: View {
 
     var body: some View {
         NavigationStack {
+            content
+            .navigationTitle("扫码核销")
+            .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
+            .toolbar {
+                ToolbarItem(placement: .cancellationAction) {
+                    Button("关闭") {
+                        onClose()
+                    }
+                    .accessibilityIdentifier("scanner.close")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @ViewBuilder
+    private var content: some View {
+        if shouldUseCameraPreview {
             ZStack(alignment: .bottom) {
                 OrderCodeScannerView { result in
                     switch result {
@@ -53,18 +70,40 @@ struct OrderScannerPage: View {
                     .background(.black.opacity(0.55), in: Capsule())
                     .padding(.bottom, AppMetrics.Spacing.xxLarge)
             }
-            .navigationTitle("扫码核销")
-            .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
-            .toolbar {
-                ToolbarItem(placement: .cancellationAction) {
-                    Button("关闭") {
-                        onClose()
-                    }
-                    .accessibilityIdentifier("scanner.close")
-                }
-            }
+        } else {
+            ScannerUnavailableContent()
         }
     }
+
+    private var shouldUseCameraPreview: Bool {
+        #if targetEnvironment(simulator)
+        return false
+        #else
+        guard !AppUITestLaunchState.isRunningUITests else { return false }
+        return AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .video) != nil
+        #endif
+    }
+}
+
+/// 无可用摄像头时展示的扫码占位内容，避免在模拟器和 UI Test 中启动真实采集会话。
+private struct ScannerUnavailableContent: View {
+    var body: some View {
+        VStack(spacing: AppMetrics.Spacing.small) {
+            Image(systemName: "camera.viewfinder")
+                .font(.system(size: 48, weight: .semibold))
+                .foregroundStyle(.white)
+
+            Text("当前环境不可用相机")
+                .font(.system(size: AppMetrics.FontSize.title3, weight: .semibold))
+                .foregroundStyle(.white)
+
+            Text("请在真机上使用扫码核销")
+                .font(.system(size: AppMetrics.FontSize.subheadline))
+                .foregroundStyle(.white.opacity(0.72))
+        }
+        .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)
+        .background(Color.black)
+    }
 }
 
 /// AVFoundation 扫码桥接视图，负责把相机识别结果回传给 SwiftUI。
@@ -229,7 +268,7 @@ final class OrderScannerViewController: UIViewController, AVCaptureMetadataOutpu
         session.addOutput(metadataOutput)
 
         metadataOutput.setMetadataObjectsDelegate(self, queue: DispatchQueue.main)
-        metadataOutput.metadataObjectTypes = [
+        let desiredTypes: [AVMetadataObject.ObjectType] = [
             .qr,
             .ean8,
             .ean13,
@@ -242,6 +281,12 @@ final class OrderScannerViewController: UIViewController, AVCaptureMetadataOutpu
             .itf14,
             .upce
         ]
+        let availableTypes = Set(metadataOutput.availableMetadataObjectTypes)
+        let supportedTypes = desiredTypes.filter { availableTypes.contains($0) }
+        guard !supportedTypes.isEmpty else {
+            throw OrderScannerError.invalidMetadata
+        }
+        metadataOutput.metadataObjectTypes = supportedTypes
 
         let preview = AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer(session: session)
         preview.videoGravity = .resizeAspectFill
diff --git a/suixinkanUITests/Orders/OrdersFlowUITests.swift b/suixinkanUITests/Orders/OrdersFlowUITests.swift
index bedc672..ccb0f5d 100644
--- a/suixinkanUITests/Orders/OrdersFlowUITests.swift
+++ b/suixinkanUITests/Orders/OrdersFlowUITests.swift
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ final class OrdersFlowUITests: AuthenticatedUITestCase {
     func testScannerCanOpenAndClose() {
         TabBarNavigator.select(.orders, app: app)
 
-        let scanButton = app.application.buttons["扫码核销"]
+        let scanButton = app.application.buttons["main.scan"]
         XCTAssertTrue(scanButton.waitForExistence(timeout: 6))
         scanButton.tap()
 
diff --git a/suixinkanUITests/Support/SuixinkanUIApplication.swift b/suixinkanUITests/Support/SuixinkanUIApplication.swift
index f8b9ec7..7737d85 100644
--- a/suixinkanUITests/Support/SuixinkanUIApplication.swift
+++ b/suixinkanUITests/Support/SuixinkanUIApplication.swift
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import XCTest
 final class SuixinkanApp {
     let application: XCUIApplication
     private let resetState: Bool
+    private var hasLaunched = false
 
     /// 创建并配置 UI Test 启动参数的应用实例。
     init(
@@ -31,10 +32,15 @@ final class SuixinkanApp {
     /// 启动 App 并等待首屏稳定。
     @discardableResult
     func launch(waitForLoading: Bool = true) -> Self {
-        if application.state == .runningForeground {
+        if hasLaunched, application.state == .runningForeground {
             application.activate()
         } else {
+            if application.state != .notRunning {
+                application.terminate()
+                Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.5)
+            }
             application.launch()
+            hasLaunched = true
         }
         dismissSystemAlertsIfNeeded()
         if waitForLoading {
@@ -72,12 +78,10 @@ final class SuixinkanApp {
 
     /// 判断主 Tab 是否已出现。
     var isOnMainTabs: Bool {
-        TabBarNavigator.Tab.allCases.contains { tab in
-            let button = application.buttons.matching(
-                NSPredicate(format: "label == %@", tab.rawValue)
-            ).firstMatch
-            return button.waitForExistence(timeout: 1)
-        }
+        application.buttons[TabBarNavigator.Tab.home.identifier].exists
+            || application.buttons[TabBarNavigator.Tab.orders.identifier].exists
+            || application.buttons[TabBarNavigator.Tab.statistics.identifier].exists
+            || application.buttons[TabBarNavigator.Tab.profile.identifier].exists
     }
 
     /// 等待冷启动后进入登录页或主 Tab。
diff --git a/suixinkanUITests/Support/TabBarNavigator.swift b/suixinkanUITests/Support/TabBarNavigator.swift
index be634b5..81b2aa6 100644
--- a/suixinkanUITests/Support/TabBarNavigator.swift
+++ b/suixinkanUITests/Support/TabBarNavigator.swift
@@ -14,6 +14,19 @@ enum TabBarNavigator {
         case orders = "订单"
         case statistics = "数据"
         case profile = "我的"
+
+        var identifier: String {
+            switch self {
+            case .home:
+                return "main.tab.home"
+            case .orders:
+                return "main.tab.orders"
+            case .statistics:
+                return "main.tab.statistics"
+            case .profile:
+                return "main.tab.profile"
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /// 切换到指定 Tab 并等待页面稳定。
@@ -26,6 +39,13 @@ enum TabBarNavigator {
 
     /// 在底部自定义 TabBar 中定位唯一可点击的 Tab 按钮。
     private static func bottomTabButton(named title: String, in app: SuixinkanApp) -> XCUIElement {
+        if let tab = Tab(rawValue: title) {
+            let identifiedButton = app.application.buttons[tab.identifier]
+            if identifiedButton.exists {
+                return identifiedButton
+            }
+        }
+
         let candidates = app.application.buttons.matching(NSPredicate(format: "label == %@", title))
         let screenHeight = app.application.windows.element(boundBy: 0).frame.height
         var bestMatch: XCUIElement?